Baku: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a significant regional organization, bringing together major global powers, including China, Russia, India, Pakistan, and Iran, along with several Central Asian countries. The SCO's agenda extends beyond security concerns, encompassing trade, energy, digitalization, and cultural cooperation.
According to Azeri-Press News Agency, the SCO, sometimes likened to the 'NATO of the East,' differs in its lack of a unified military force or collective defense obligation. Instead, it operates as an intergovernmental Eurasian platform, fostering political dialogue, security cooperation, and economic ties among its diverse member states. Decisions are made by consensus, allowing smaller states an equal say, although this can sometimes delay decision-making.
The organization traces its roots back to the 'Shanghai Five' formed in 1996, which aimed to reduce military tensions along the former Soviet-Chinese border. With Uzbekistan joining later, the SCO was officially established in 2001. The 'Shanghai Spirit,' emphasizing mutual trust, benefit, and respect for cultural diversity, underpins its political philosophy.
Currently, the SCO comprises ten full members, including China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan, Iran, and Belarus. The organization's geographical reach spans Central Asia, South Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Notably, Azerbaijan, while not a full member, holds dialogue partner status and plays a pivotal role in regional transport routes.
The SCO's governance structure involves various councils addressing political, economic, and security issues. The Council of Heads of State is the highest decision-making body, while the Secretariat in Beijing manages administrative functions. The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent focuses on information exchange and security coordination.
Security remains a core area of focus, with the SCO addressing terrorism, drug trafficking, and cyber threats. Despite this, the organization is not a military alliance and does not provide automatic military defense guarantees to its members.
Economically, the SCO facilitates trade, transport, and energy cooperation. However, it lacks a free trade area or common currency, with projects often implemented bilaterally. The SCO Development Bank, proposed in 2025, is yet to commence operations, with ongoing consultations on its framework.
Azerbaijan's relationship with the SCO has evolved since it was granted dialogue partner status in 2015. President Ilham Aliyev's participation in SCO summits underscores Azerbaijan's strategic role as a transport and logistics hub. The upcoming Bishkek summit, marking the SCO's 25th anniversary, will address key issues such as security, trade, and the establishment of the SCO Development Bank. Azerbaijan's application for observer status and its strategic projects will be closely watched for potential agreements that leverage its geographical and infrastructural advantages.